Double bottom simulating reflectors and tentative interpretation with implications for the dynamic accumulation of gas hydrates in the northern slope of the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

The origin of double bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) and their relationship with gas hydrate systems are of great significance to the exploration of gas hydrate resources in submarine settings. Based on seismic data, this paper presents the first identified double BSRs in the northern slope of the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB), northern South China Sea. The imaged double BSRs are located in submarine ridges associated with a canyon system. These two BSRs (BSR1 and BSR2) are characterized by two subparallel high-amplitude reflections that mimic the seafloor's distribution but have the opposite polarity. Patches of enhanced reflections (ERs) with high acoustic impedance indicate the occurrence of gas hydrate above BSR1 and between BSR1 and BSR2. The ERs indicate that the free gas terminates against BSR2 and is located beneath BSR2. The velocity spectrum of the strata shows that the interval velocity above the BSR1 and between BSR1 and BSR2 reaches as high as similar to 2450 m/ s, suggesting the presence of gas hydrates. The numerical modelling results of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) show that the geothermal gradient of the study area is 31.3-48.9 C/km. Three potential formation mechanisms for these double BSRs are proposed: (1) variations in the P-T conditions in the GHSZ caused by erosion and redeposition associated with the submarine canyon; (2) precipitation of gas hydrates with different structures due to a supply of both thermogenic gas and biogenic gas; and (3) a relic paleo-BSR formed by the upward migration of a geothermal fluid through possible gas chimneys resulting in gas hydrate dissociation. BSR1 is correlated with the BGHSZ of structure I (SI) gas hydrates, and BSR2 may be correlated with the BGHSZ of structure II (SII) gas hydrates. Therefore, SI and SII gas hydrates may coexist in the study area, and SII gas hydrates and free gas may be present between BSR1 and BSR2. The occurrence of double BSRs suggests the dynamic accumulation of gas hydrates and free gas due to the erosion and redeposition of a submarine canyon, which shifted the BGHSZ and resulted in the differential distribution of the gas hydrates. A model illustrating the migration and accumulation of the hydrocarbons and gas hydrates associated with the occurrence of double BSRs is proposed, providing a reference for future gas hydrate exploration in the deepwater QDNB.