Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement as a threat to iconic protected areas

被引:42
|
作者
Qin, Siyu [1 ,5 ]
Kroner, Rachel E. Golden [1 ,2 ]
Cook, Carly [3 ]
Tesfaw, Anteneh T. [1 ,7 ]
Braybrook, Rowan [4 ]
Rodriguez, Carlos Manuel [4 ,6 ]
Poelking, Claire [1 ,8 ]
Mascia, Michael B. [1 ]
机构
[1] Conservat Int, Moore Ctr Sci, 2011 Crystal Dr, Arlington, VA 22202 USA
[2] George Mason Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, 4400 Univ Dr, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA
[3] Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, 25 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
[4] Conservat Int, Policy Ctr Environm & Peace, 2011 Crystal Dr, Arlington, VA 22202 USA
[5] Humboldt Univ, Geog Dept, Unter Linden 6, D-10099 Berlin, Germany
[6] Minist Environm & Energy, Calle 25A, San Jose, Costa Rica
[7] USCG, Stand Evaluat & Anal Div, 2703 Martin Luther King Jr Ave SE, Washington, DC 20593 USA
[8] MacArthur Fdn, 140 S Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60603 USA
基金
欧盟地平线“2020”;
关键词
biodiversity conservation; governance; PADDD; UNESCO; World Heritage Sites; conservacion de la biodiversidad; gobernanza; Sitios de Patrimonio Mundial; LAND-USE; WORLD HERITAGE; PADDD; OIL; PERFORMANCE; IMPACT;
D O I
10.1111/cobi.13365
中图分类号
X176 [生物多样性保护];
学科分类号
090705 ;
摘要
Protected areas (PAs) are expected to conserve nature and provide ecosystem services in perpetuity, yet widespread protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) may compromise these objectives. Even iconic protected areas are vulnerable to PADDD, although these PADDD events are often unrecognized. We identified 23 enacted and proposed PADDD events within World Natural Heritage Sites and examined the history, context, and consequences of PADDD events in 4 iconic PAs (Yosemite National Park, Arabian Oryx Sanctuary, Yasuni National Park, and Virunga National Park). Based on insights from published research and international workshops, these 4 cases revealed the diverse pressures brought on by competing interests to develop or exploit natural landscapes and the variety of mechanisms that enables PADDD. Knowledge gaps exist in understanding of the conditions through which development pressures translate to PADDD events and their impacts, partially due to a lack of comprehensive PADDD records. Future research priorities should include comprehensive regional and country-level profiles and analysis of risks, impacts, and contextual factors related to PADDD. Policy options to better govern PADDD include improving tracking and reporting of PADDD events, establishing transparent PADDD policy processes, coordinating among legal frameworks, and mitigating negative impacts of PADDD. To support PADDD research and policy reforms, enhanced human and financial capacities are needed to train local researchers and to host publicly accessible data. As the conservation community considers the achievements of Aichi Target 11 and moves toward new biodiversity targets beyond 2020, researchers, practitioners, and policy makers need to work together to better track, assess, and govern PADDD globally. Cambios de Categoria, Reduccion del Tamano y Eliminacion de las Listas de Proteccion como Amenazas para las areas Protegidas Iconicas Se espera que las areas protegidas (PAs, en ingles) conserven la naturaleza y proporcionen servicios ambientales a perpetuidad, sin embargo las extensas practicas de reduccion del tamano, eliminacion de las listas de proteccion y cambios de categoria de las areas protegidas (PADDD, en ingles) pueden poner en riesgo a estos objetivos. Incluso las areas protegidas iconicas son vulnerables a los PADDD, aunque estos eventos de PADDD comunmente no se reconocen. Identificamos 23 eventos de PADDDD promulgados y propuestos dentro de sitios de Patrimonio Natural Mundial y examinamos la historia, el contexto y las consecuencias de los eventos PADDD en cuatro PAs iconicas (el Parque Nacional Yosemite, el Santuario del Oryx arabe, el Parque Nacional Yasuni y el Parque Nacional Virunga). Con base en el conocimiento obtenido de investigaciones publicadas y talleres internacionales, estos cuatro casos revelaron las diferentes presiones que traen consigo los intereses en competencia por desarrollar o explotar los paisajes naturales y la variedad de mecanismos que faciliten las PADDD. Existen vacios de conocimiento en el entendimiento de las condiciones a traves de las cuales las presiones del desarrollo se transforman en eventos PADDD y los impactos que tienen, parcialmente debido a la falta de registros completos de los eventos PADDD. Las prioridades de las proximas investigaciones deberian incluir perfiles completos a nivel regional y nacional y un analisis de riesgo, impactos y factores contextuales relacionados con los PADDD. Las opciones politicas para gobernar de mejor manera los PADDD incluyen la mejora del rastreo y del reporte de eventos PADDD, el establecimiento de procesos politicos transparentes para los PADDD, la coordinacion entre los marcos de trabajo legales y la mitigacion de los impactos negativos de los PADDD. Para apoyar la investigacion de los PADDD y las reformas politicas se requiere de una mayor capacidad humana y financiera para entrenar a los investigadores locales y para acoger datos accesibles para el publico. Conforme la comunidad de la conservacion considera los logros del Objetivo 11 de Aichi y se posiciona hacia nuevos objetivos para la biodiversidad mas alla del 2020, los investigadores, los practicantes y los legisladores necesitan trabajar en conjunto para rastrear, evaluar y gobernar de mejor manera los PADDD a nivel mundial. Resumen ?? ????? (PA) ?????????????????????, ???????????????? (PADDD) ???????????????????????? PADDD, ????PADDD????????????????????? 23 ? PADDD ??, ???????????? (?????????????????????????????????) ? PADDD ????????????????????????????, ? 4 ?????????????????????????????????? PADDD ???????????????????????? PADDD ?????????, ??????????, ???????????? PADDD ????????????????????????? PADDD ??, ?? PADDD ??????????????????? PADDD ????????? PADDD ????????, ????? PADDD ????, ??????????PADDD????????? PADDD ???????, ??????????????????????????????????????????? 11 ????? 2020 ?????????????, ??????????????????????, ?????????????????? PADDD? Article impact statement: Legal changes affect even iconic protected areas. Sustaining conservation progress requires research, policies, and human-capacity investments.
引用
收藏
页码:1275 / 1285
页数:11
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