3-Methoxytyramine as an indicator of dopaminergic manipulation in the equine athlete

The influence of sampling variables on the concentration of the dopamine metabolites 3-methoxytyramine (3MT), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanilic acid (HVA) was examined in equine urine. A logarithmic transformation of the data for all horses gave distribution which approximated the normal distributions for each metabolite. The mean urinary concentration of 3MT in horses was 214 ng/mL and the application of a threshold with a probability of 1 in 10,000 gave an actionable level of 4 mug/mL. Environmental variables were not forensically significant in determining the population distribution. HVA was not found to be a reliable indicator of dopamine or levodopa administration. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.