The legal-labour protection of service providers in the collaborative economy and labour platform cooperatives

This paper reflects on the disruptions that collaborative labour platforms introduce in the context of work relationships. The work providers are engaged as independent contractors and considered freelancers, allowing companies' owners of digital platforms to exonerate themselves from their responsibilities as employers. Labour platforms radicalise the practice of outsourcing. This phenomenon raises the relevant question of whether these providers should be considered dependent and subordinate workers or mere autonomous providers of the digital platform, in which case labour rules shall not apply, therefore leaving the provider less protected. The doctrine has pointed out the cooperative labour platforms as an alternative way to manage collaborative platforms and ensure work providers' protection. Labour cooperative platforms are organisations of an atypical business nature, collectively owned and democratically managed by their members.