Active learning of tandem flapping wings at optimizing propulsion performance

In the present work, we propose an optimization framework based on the active learning method, which aims to quickly determine the conditions of tandem flapping wings for optimal performance in terms of thrust or efficiency. Especially, multi-fidelity Gaussian process regression is used to establish the surrogate model correlating the kinematic parameters of tandem flapping wings and their aerodynamic performances. Moreover, the Bayesian optimization algorithm is employed to select new candidate points and update the surrogate model. With this framework, the parameter space can be explored and exploited adaptively. Two optimization tasks of tandem wings are carried out using this surrogate-based framework by optimizing thrust and propulsion efficiency. The response surfaces predicted from the updated surrogate model present the influence of the flapping frequency, phase, and separation distance on thrust and efficiency. It is found that the time-average thrust of the hind flapping wing increases with the frequency. However, the increase in frequency may lead to a decrease in propulsive efficiency in some circumstances. Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.