Emergence via non-existence of averages

Inspired by a recent work by Berger, we introduce the concept of pointwise emergence. This concept provides with a new quantitative perspective into the study of non-existence of averages for dynamical systems. We show that high pointwise emergence on a large set appears for abundant dynamical systems: Any continuous maps on a compact metric space with the specification property have super polynomial pointwise emergence on a residual subset of the state space. Furthermore, there is a dense subset of any Newhouse open set each element of which has super polynomial pointwise emergence on a positive Lebesgue measure subset of the state space. (c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.