Modeling the surface-atmosphere exchange of ammonia

New parameterizations for surface atmosphere exchange of ammonia are presented for application in atmospheric transport models and compared with parameterizations of the literature. The new parameterizations are based on a combination of the results of three years of ammonia flux measurements over a grassland canopy (dominated by Lolium perenne and Poa trivialis) near Wageningen, the Netherlands and existing parameterizations from literature. First, a model for the surface atmosphere exchange of ammonia that includes the concentration at the external leaf surface is derived and validated. Second, a parameterization for the stomatal compensation point (expressed as Gamma(s), the ratio of [NH(4)(+)]/[H(+)] in the leaf apoplast) that accounts for the observed seasonal variation is derived from the measurements. The new, temperature-dependent Gamma(s) describes the observed seasonal behavior very well. It is noted, however, that senescence of plants and field management practices will also influence the seasonal variation of Gamma(s) on a shorter timescale. Finally, a relation that links Gamma(s) to the atmospheric pollution level of the location through the 'long-term' NH(3) concentration in the air is proposed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.