Non-recovery moisture sensor for breach integrity using the degenerate mode of planar microwave ring resonator

A non-recovery moisture sensor (NMS) based on a planar-microwave resonator for breach integrity is presented. The NMS consists of a microwave ring transducer (MRT), a non-recovery hydrophilic film, and expected to be patterned in the infrastructures transporting the target content. Though PVA and PANI are organic polymers with switchable conductivity, they are incapable of withholding water indefinitely. As PVA conductivity permits switching between p-, n-type semiconductor states, and insulator; a certain concentration of PANI is infused. Because PANI exhibits an extra proton from an acid attached to the nitrogen group, the non-recovery change occurs as it accepts hydronium ions from water, and changes to a more conductive form. The concentration of the acidity results in the degree of permittivity variance. The MRT is configured to see the permittivity variance and convert it into electrical quantities. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.