Modification of softwood kraft pulp with carboxymethyl cellulose and cationic surfactants

An elemental chlorine-free (ECF)-bleached soft-wood kraft pulp was treated first with a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, degree of substitution 0.3, 1% on pulp) and then with alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (alkyl chain lengths of C-10 to C-16). Surprisingly, the treatment with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C(12)TAB) markedly increased the internal and tensile strengths of the handsheets prepared from the modified pulp. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) showed that these properties could be partly explained by the "rope/gum-like" bridges that were formed between the fibers.