Architecture and performance of the KM3NeT front-end firmware

被引：7

作者：

Aiello, Sebastiano ^{[1
]}

Albert, Arnauld ^{[2
,3
]}

Garre, Sergio Alves ^{[4
]}

Aly, Zineb ^{[5
]}

Ameli, Fabrizio ^{[6
]}

Andre, Michel ^{[7
]}

Androulakis, Giorgos ^{[8
]}

Anghinolfi, Marco ^{[9
]}

Anguita, Mancia ^{[10
]}

Anton, Gisela ^{[11
]}

Ardid, Miguel ^{[12
]}

Aublin, Julien ^{[13
]}

Bagatelas, Christos ^{[8
]}

Barbarino, Giancarlo ^{[15
,16
]}

Baret, Bruny ^{[13
]}

du Pree, Suzan Basegmez ^{[16
]}

Belias, Anastasios ^{[8
]}

Bendahman, Meriem ^{[17
]}

Berbee, Edward ^{[16
]}

van den Berg, Ad M. ^{[18
]}

Bertin, Vincent ^{[5
]}

van Beveren, Vincent ^{[16
]}

Biagi, Simone ^{[19
]}

Biagioni, Andrea ^{[6
]}

Bissinger, Matthias ^{[11
]}

Boettcher, Markus ^{[20
]}

Boumaaza, Jihad ^{[17
]}

Bouta, Mohammed ^{[21
]}

Bouwhuis, Mieke ^{[16
]}

Bozza, Cristiano ^{[22
,23
]}

Branzas, Horea ^{[24
]}

Bruijn, Ronald ^{[16
,25
]}

Brunner, Jurgen ^{[5
]}

Buis, Ernst-Jan ^{[26
]}

Buompane, Raffaele ^{[15
,27
]}

Busto, Jose ^{[5
]}

Caiffi, Barbara ^{[9
]}

Calvo, David ^{[4
]}

Capone, Antonio ^{[6
,28
]}

Carretero, Victor ^{[4
]}

Castaldi, Paolo ^{[29
,30
]}

Celli, Silvia ^{[6
,28
,31
]}

Chabab, Mohamed ^{[32
]}

Chau, Nhan ^{[13
]}

Chen, Andrew ^{[33
]}

Cherubini, Silvio ^{[19
,34
]}

Chiarella, Vitaliano ^{[35
]}

Chiarusi, Tommaso ^{[29
]}

Circella, Marco ^{[36
]}

Cocimano, Rosanna ^{[19
]}

机构：

[1] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Catania, Italy

[2] Univ Strasbourg, Univ Haute Alsace, GRPHE, Colmar, France

[3] IPHC, IN2P3, Strasbourg, France

[4] Univ Valencia, IFIC Inst Fis Corpuscular, CSIC, Valencia, Spain

[5] Aix Marseille Univ, CPPM, CNRS, IN2P3, Marseille, France

[6] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma, Rome, Italy

[7] Univ Politecn Cataluna, Lab Aplicac Bioacust, Ctr Tecnol Vilanova i La Geltrd, Vilanova i La Geltru, Spain

[8] Inst Nucl & Particle Phys, NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece

[9] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Genova, Genoa, Italy

[10] Univ Granada, Dept Comp Architecture & Technol, CITIC, Granada, Spain

[11] Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Erlangen Ctr Astroparticle Phys, Erlangen, Germany

[12] Univ Politecn Valencia, Inst Invest Gest Integrada Zonas Costeras, Gandia, Spain

[13] Univ Paris, Astroparticule & Cosmol, CNRS, Paris, France

[14] Complesso Univ Monte S Angelo, Sez Napoli, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Naples, Italy

[15] Univ Napoli Federico II, Complesso Univ Monte S Angelo, Dip Sci Fis E Pancini, Naples, Italy

[16] Natl Inst Subat Phys, Nikhef, Amsterdam, Netherlands

[17] Univ Mohammed V Rabat, Fac Sci, Rabat, Morocco

[18] Univ Groningen, KVI CART, Groningen, Netherlands

[19] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lab Nazl Sud, Catania, Italy

[20] North West Univ, Ctr Space Res, Potchefstroom, South Africa

[21] Univ Mohammed 1, Fac Sci, BV Mohammed VI, Oujda, Morocco

[22] Univ Salerno, Fisciano, Italy

[23] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Dipartimento Matemat, Grp Collegato Salerno, Fisciano, Italy

[24] ISS, Magurele, Romania

[25] Univ Amsterdam, Inst Phys, IHEF, Amsterdam, Netherlands

[26] TNO, Tech Sci, Delft, Netherlands

[27] Univ Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Dipartimento Matemat & Fis, Caserta, Italy

[28] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, Rome, Italy

[29] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Bologna, Bologna, Italy

[30] Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Ingn Energia Elettr & Informaz Gugli, Bologna, Italy

[31] GSSI, Gran Sasso Sci Inst, Laquila, Italy

[32] Cadi Ayyad Univ, Fac Sci Semlalia, Phys Dept, Marrakech, Morocco

[33] Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Phys, Johannesburg, South Africa

[34] Univ Catania, Dipartimento Fis & Astron Ettore Majorana, Catania, Italy

[35] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, LNF, Via Enrico Fermi, Frascati, Italy

[36] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Bari, Bari, Italy

[37] Univ Nantes, IMT Atlantique, Subatech, IN2P3 CNRS, Nantes, France

[38] Univ Bari, Bari, Italy

[39] Univ Genoa, Genoa, Italy

[40] Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Fis & Astron, Bologna, Italy

[41] Univ Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany

[42] Western Sydney Univ, Sch Comp Engn & Math, Penrith, NSW, Australia

[43] Lab Univ Particules Montpellier, Montpellier, France

[44] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pisa, Pisa, Italy

[45] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Dipartimento Fis, Grp Collegato Salerno, Fisciano, Italy

[46] Univ Munster, Inst Kernphys, Munster, Germany

[47] Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NIOZ, Texel, Netherlands

[48] Univ Utrecht, Texel, Netherlands

[49] Univ Strasbourg, IPHC, CNRS, UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France

[50] Curtin Univ, Int Ctr Radio Astron Res, Bentley, WA, Australia

来源：

JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPES INSTRUMENTS AND SYSTEMS | 2021年 / 7卷 / 01期

基金：

美国国家科学基金会;

关键词：

neutrino telescope; acquisition firmware; time to digital converters; KM3NeT;

D O I：

10.1117/1.JATIS.7.1.016001

中图分类号：

V [航空、航天];

学科分类号：

08 ; 0825 ;

摘要：

The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

引用

页数：24

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