Strain-Tuning Atomic Substitution in Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals

Atomic substitution offers an important route to achieve compositionally engineered two-dimensional nanostructures and their heterostructures. Despite the recent research progress, the fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanism has still remained unclear. Here, we reveal the atomic substitution mechanism of two-dimensional atomic layered materials. We found that the atomic substitution process depends on the varying lattice constant (strain) in monolayer crystals, dominated by two strain-tuning (self-promoted and self-limited) mechanisms using density functional theory calculations. These mechanisms were experimentally confirmed by the controllable realization of a graded substitution ratio in the monolayers by controlling the substitution temperature and time and further theoretically verified by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The strain-tuning atomic substitution processes are of general importance to other two-dimensional layered materials, which offers an interesting route for tailoring electronic and optical properties of these materials.