Two instances of kleptoparasitism in passerines

Kleptoparasitism among passerines is rare. We report two instance of kleptoparasitism, one with an adult Worm eating Warbler (Helmintheros vermivorus) acting as a kleptoparasite on a female Black and white Warbler (Mniotilta varia) and one with a male Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) acting as a kleptoparasite on a female Worm eating Warbler. In both instances parents were disturbed while feeding fledglings. This combination may occur infrequently, which would explain why kleptoparasitism is rarely observed among small passerines.