The combination of two opposing objective lenses in 4Pi fluorescence microscopy significantly improves the axial resolution and increases the collection efficiency. Combining 4Pi microscopy with other super-resolution techniques has resulted in the highest three-dimensional (3D) resolution in fluorescence microscopy to date. It has previously been shown that the performance of 4Pi microscopy is significantly affected by aberrations. However, a comprehensive description of 4Pi microscope aberrations has been missing. In this paper, we introduce an approach to describe aberrations in a 4Pi cavity through a new functional representation. We discuss the focusing properties of 4Pi systems affected by aberrations and discuss the implications for adaptive optics schemes for 4Pi microscopes based on this new insight. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America
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Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst Adv Sci & Technol, Urbana, IL 61801 USAUniv Illinois, Beckman Inst Adv Sci & Technol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Davis, Brynmor J.
Dogan, Mehmet
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Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USAUniv Illinois, Beckman Inst Adv Sci & Technol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Dogan, Mehmet
Goldberg, Bennett B.
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Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA
Boston Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA
Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USAUniv Illinois, Beckman Inst Adv Sci & Technol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Goldberg, Bennett B.
Karl, William C.
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Boston Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA
Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USAUniv Illinois, Beckman Inst Adv Sci & Technol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Karl, William C.
Unlue, M. Selim
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Boston Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA
Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USAUniv Illinois, Beckman Inst Adv Sci & Technol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Unlue, M. Selim
Swan, Anna K.
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Boston Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USAUniv Illinois, Beckman Inst Adv Sci & Technol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA