Endometrial stem cells: clinical application and pathological roles

Adult stem cells occur in human endometrium. Menstrual-blood derived stem cells (MenSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells that can be obtained in a non-invasive manner. Due to their rapid proliferation rate, low immunogenicity, and low tumorigenicity, MenSCs are used extensively in tissue engineering. They can be induced into multiple cell lineages under certain conditions. MenSCs contribute to tissue repair via several different mechanisms, highlighting their great promise in clinical applications. Endometrial stem cells may also be used to shed light on the pathogenesis of endometriosis and endometrial carcinoma. This review will cover recent progress in this field.