Intracultural and intercultural dialogue in psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis

This paper explores some of the history of psychoanalysis as it has been influenced by and has influenced the cultures in which it exists. There was a time when the profession was almost antagonistic to considering that which lay outside of the intrapsychic. Partly in response to a sense of crisis, today it is busy incorporating a 'fourth leg" into its training programs: the sociocultural surround. Those who would bring about these modifications are moving from an individualist model toward one in which self is the product of relationships, that is, toward a universal model.