Measurement uncertainty of transmission line resistance calculation using "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement' and adaptive Monte-Carlo method

The study presents the evolution of a measurement uncertainty concept from the traditional error approach up to modern calculation methods. First, a method based on the internationally accepted document Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement is presented considering the conditions for its application and fundamental deficiencies. Next, the Monte-Carlo (MC) method, as an alternative, is presented together with an adaptive MC method. After a theoretical comparison between the latter methods, the practical calculation of a transmission line resistance is performed. The results show that the adaptive MC method is reliable, unlike the traditional approach, which shows a significant overestimation of the standard deviation owing to the non-linearity of the mathematical model and associated distributions other than Gaussian.