Graphene nanomaterials for regulating stem cell fate in neurogenesis and their biocompatibility

Stem cell-based therapy for neural regeneration is desired and a promising research direction. Recently, graphene nanomaterial-based scaffolds exhibited excellent support for facilitating neural regeneration processes. However, more research studies are required to reveal the scientific mechanisms involved in the regulation of stem cell fates to get required neuron tissue lineages both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Therefore, in this review, we have discussed on regulation of stem cell fates by using graphene nanomaterials as neural scaffolds and their biocompatibilities. We have discussed how the graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and their derivative nanomaterials regulate the differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, human adipose stem cells, and stem cells from apical papilla into different neuron cells. And also we have summarized the current advancements on using graphene nanomaterial-based scaffolds for applications in neural regeneration. Furthermore, the future research outlooks and challenges in this field have also been commented in the last section of this review article.