Inhibitive effects of chlortetracycline on performance of the nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process and strategies for recovery

The short- and long-term effects of chlortetracycline (CTC) on the nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process were evaluated. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of CTC in the batch tests of the nitritation-anammox process was 278.91 mg/L at an exposure time of 12 hr. The long-term effects of CTC on the process were examined in a continuous-flow nitritation-anammox reactor. Within 14 days, the nitrogen removal rate significantly decreased from 0.61 to 0.25 kg N/m(3)/day with 60 mg/L CTC in the influent. The performance suppressed by CTC barely recovered, even after CTC was removed from the influent. Furthermore, the inhibition of CTC also reduced the relative abundance of ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) in the reactor, resulting in both a decreased amount of and an imbalance between AOB and AnAOB. When fresh anammox sludge was reseeded into the nitritation-anammox reactor, the nitrogen removal rate recovered to 0.09 +/- 0.03 kg N/m(3)/day. (C) 2017 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.