Metal-organic framework grown in situ on chitosan microspheres as robust host of palladium for heterogeneous catalysis: Suzuki reaction and the p-nitrophenol reduction

In this study, the metal-organic framework ZIF-8 has been successfully planted on the surface of chitosan microspheres (CS/PDA@ZIF-8) using polydopamine as connecting material for the first time, which avoids the use of expensive, non-renewable, and non-biodegradable polystyrene microspheres commonly used as templates to prepare core-shell structures. Moreover, the metal-organic framework ZIF-8 was prepared specially by three different methods and all characterized by SEM, TEM, and BET, and the ZIF-8 shell prepared at room temperature presents a regular morphology, uniform size, large specific surface area (353.1 m(2)/g) than the shells prepared by the other methods including. The CS/PDA@ZIF-8(25)@Pd with high catalytic activity and high stability was especially prepared by encapsulating Pd nanoparticles into the pores of CS/PDA@ZIF-8(25). Notably, the fabricated catalyst performed well in an array of reactions, for example the Kapp value of the p-nitrophenol reduction reaction reached 0.0426 s(-1), and the TOF of the Suzuki coupling reaction reached 128 h(-1). In addition, the ZIF-67, UiO-66, UiO-66-NH2, HKUST-1, and NH2-MIL-53(Al) were also grown on chitosan microcapsules successively to prepare the core-shell microspheres, which prove the universal applicability of this strategy. And beyond that, the introduction of chitosan microspheres endows the material with biodegradable properties and excellent recycling properties.