Intellectual disability associated with craniofacial dysmorphism due to POLR3B mutation and defect in spliceosomal machinery

Background: Intellectual disability (ID) is a clinically important disease and a most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. The etiology and pathogenesis of ID are poorly recognized. Exome sequencing revealed a homozygous missense mutation in the POLR3B gene in a consanguineous family with three Intellectual disability with craniofacial anomalies patients. POLR3B gene encoding the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase III. Methods: We performed RNA sequencing on blood samples to obtain insights into the biological pathways influenced by POLR3B mutation. We applied the results of our RNA-Seq analysis to several gene ontology programs such as ToppGene, Enrichr, KEGG. Results: A significant decrease in expression of several spliceosomal RNAs, ribosomal proteins, and transcription factors was detected in the affected, compared to unaffected, family members. Conclusions: We hypothesize that POLR3B mutation dysregulates the expression of some important transcription factors, ribosomal and spliceosomal genes, and impairments in protein synthesis and splicing mediated in part by transcription factors such as FOXC2 and GATA1 contribute to impaired neuronal function and concurrence of intellectual disability and craniofacial anomalies in our patients. Our study highlights the emerging role of the spliceosome and ribosomal proteins in intellectual disability.