GP7 induces internucleosomal DNA fragmentation independent of caspase activation and DNA fragmentation factor in NB4 cells

DNA fragmentation into internucleosomal fragments is the best recognized biochemical event of apoptosis. Two major caspase pathways have been identified in the signal transduction leading to DNA fragmentation: the receptor pathway and the mitochondrial pathway. DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) has been identified as a major apoptotic endonuclease in the internucleosomal DNA fragmentation process. However, the potential roles of caspases and DFF in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation induced by specific stimuli still need to be investigated since caspase-independent pathways and nuclease(s) other than DFF also play important roles during this process. In the present study, we investigated the activity of GP7 (4-[4 ''-(2 '',2 '',6 '',6 ''-tetramethyl-1 ''-piperidinyloxy) amino]-4'-demethyl epipodophyllotoxin), a new spin-labeled derivative of podophyllotoxin semi-synthesized by our university, to induce apoptosis of the human leukemia cell line NB4. GP7 induced the release of cytochrome-c from mitochondria, activations of caspase-3, -8, and -9, cleavage of DFF45/inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase, activation of DFF40/caspase-activated DNase, and apoptotic DNA fragmentation in NB4 cells. The broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk abrogated GP7-induced caspase-3, -8, and -9 activations but could not inhibit GP7-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation in NB4 cells. Our findings suggest that GP7-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation in NB4 cells is independent of caspase activation and DFF, although they are closely involved in this process.