Breast reconstruction with free flaps from the abdominal donor site - TRAM, DIEAP, and SIEA flaps

Multiple types of free flap can be elevated from the lower abdominal region for use in breast reconstruction. These include the free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap, and the superficial inferior epigastric artery flap. This sequence of flaps represents an evolution in the protection of the donor site. However, the decision as to which flap may be most appropriate for an individual patient is complex. This article serves to review pertinent surgical anatomy, preoperative planning, intraoperative decision making in flap elevation, and reported outcomes.