Numerical investigation of the impacting and freezing process of a single supercooled water droplet

In order to study the mechanism of ice formation after water droplets produced by splashing waves attach to ship superstructure in cold ocean regions, a numerical framework that considers the effect of supercooling degree on the meso-scale water droplet freezing is developed to explore the freezing mechanism of water droplets after impacting. This model can track the solid-liquid and air-liquid interface together using a coupled volume-of-fluid and level set multiphase method and Enthalpy-Porosity phase change method. The model introduces a mixed fraction to describe the problem of three-phase unification. The simulation results of the center freezing height and droplet spreading factor in this paper are consistent with the experimental results in related literature, which verifies the accuracy of the framework. The study includes a detailed description of the dynamic and thermodynamics mechanism of the water droplet. The influence factors of droplet impacting and freezing process are analyzed. The analysis results show that the surface wettability, supercooling degree, and impact velocity have a great influence on the freezing behavior of droplets. This model can deepen the understanding of icing mechanism on ship superstructure surface, provide an indication for engineers to develop an accurate prediction method of ice accretion on ship superstructure surface.