Banks, ownership structure, and firm value in Japan

We investigate the relation between firms' ownership structures and q ratios in Japan. At low levels of ownership by main banks, firms' q ratios fall. as bank equity ownership rises. At higher levels of bank ownership, this relationship is mitigated and, in some specifications, even reversed. We argue that this relation reflects both costs and benefits of equity holdings by banks. In Japan, unlike the United States, firm value rises monotonically with increased managerial ownership. Equity ownership by corporate blockholders is also positively related to firm value in Japan.