Chagas disease is hypoendemic in Amazonia. Because most transmission is vector-borne, a comprehensive understanding of the ecological-evolutionary trends of Amazonian triatomines will be required to support disease surveillance. Triatomine alpha-diversity is higher in the Orinoco-Guyanan Shield ecoregions and along a central-southern arch by the Brazilian Shield edge. The phylogenetic relationships of the two main Rhodnius lineages, "pictipes" and "robustus", suggest a northern (Orinoco) origin for the former and a southern (Brazilian Shield) origin for the latter, followed in both cases by complex diversification patterns.