Solvent sensitive intramolecular charge transfer dynamics in the excited states of 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4′-nitrobiphenyl

Organic molecules substituted with the nitro group show efficient nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, which are a consequence of the strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character of the molecules because of the strong electron withdrawing nature of the nitro group and rapid responsiveness because of highly movable p-electrons. Dynamics of the ICT process in the excited states of a push-pull biphenyl derivative, namely, 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4'-nitrobiphenyl (DNBP), an efficient NLO material, has been investigated using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. The experimental results have been corroborated with DFT and TDDFT calculations. In solvents of large polarity, e. g. acetonitrile, the ultrafast ICT process of DNBP is associated with the barrierless twisting of the N, N-dimethylaniline (DMA) group with respect to the nitrobenzene moiety to populate the twisted ICT (or TICT) state, and the rate of this process is solely governed by the viscosity of the medium. In solvents of moderate polarity, e. g. ethyl acetate, the rate of the twisting process is significantly slowed down and the LE and TICT states remain in equilibrium because of a low energy barrier for interconversion between these two states. By further lowering the polarity of the solvent, e. g. in dioxane, the twisting process is completely retarded. In nonpolar solvents, e. g. cyclohexane, a reverse twisting motion towards the planar geometry (i. e. the PICT process) has been evident in the excited state dynamics. In this solvent, the S-1 state undergoes an ultrafast intersystem crossing to the triplet state because of its close proximity with the T-2 state.