Effects of carbon black nanoparticles on two-way reversible shape memory in crosslinked polyethylene

This work examines the effects of carbon black (CB) nanoparticles on two-way, reversible shape memory cycles in crosslinked polyethylene. The two-way shape memory effect is characterized by mechanical measurements, thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction. For the first time, it is shown that there is an optimal loading of CB particles that maximizes the actuation ratio (R-a equivalent to (epsilon(2) - epsilon(1)) x 100%), where epsilon(1) is the initial strain under load above the crystal melting temperature and epsilon(2) is the strain following crystallization under load. Adding a small volume fraction of CB particles (v(CB) = 0.5 to 1.0 vol. %) enhances R-a by more than a factor of 1.5. Through swelling experiments and mechanical testing, the CB nanoparticles are shown to act as physical crosslinkers, significantly decreasing epsilon(1). However, the observed epsilon(2) is barely affected by small amounts of CB, which are insufficient to disrupt the formation of highly oriented crystals. In contrast, the two-way shape memory effect is greatly reduced with higher CB loading (v(CB) = 20 vol. %), which decreases both epsilon(2) and R-a. Addition of a small amount of CB is also shown to provide a simple means to lower the response temperature range of polyethylene-based shape memory polymers. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.