Seismic anelastic attenuation estimation using prestack seismic gathers

The seismic quality factor Q quantifies the anelastic attenuation of seismic waves in the subsurface and can be used in assisting reservoir characterization and as an indicator of hydrocarbons. Usually, the Q-factor is estimated by comparing the spectrum changes of vertical seismic profiles and poststack seismic data. However, seismic processing such as the normal move-out (NMO) stretch would distort the spectrum of the seismic data. Hence, we have estimated Q using prestack time migration gathers. To mitigate the NMO stretch effect, we compensate the NMO stretch of prestack seismic gathers in the time-frequency domain. Similar to the log spectral method, our method obtains the Q by measuring the log spectral ratio (LSR) of seismic events of the top and base of the reservoir at a zero-offset seismic trace. The LSR has a linear relationship with a new parameter M by assuming that the source wavelet is a constant-phase wavelet. The parameters M and LSR vary with the offset value (travel-time). We use the values of M and LSR obtained from nonzero-offset seismic traces to simulate the values of M and LSR at a zero-offset seismic trace. Finally, we obtain Q by applying the classic LSR method to the simulated M and LSR. To demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of our method, we first apply it to noise-free and noisy synthetic data examples and then to real seismic data acquired over the Sichuan Basin, China. The synthetic and real seismic applications demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in highlighting high anelastic-attenuation zones.