Living polymerization with reversible chain transfer and reversible deactivation: The case of cyclic esters

Polymerization of cyclic esters at the properly chosen conditions can be treated as living polymerization, in agreement with the tentative definition of the Nomenclature Commission of IUPAC (Macromolecular Division) requiring that no irreversible transfer or irreversible termination take place. For these processes the most kinetic or structural (end group) studies do not reveal any deviation. However, since in these polymerizations reversible transfer to backbones of macromolecules and/or reversible deactivation take place, the molar mass distribution can be Poissonian only at certain conditions. These processes have been studied quantitatively and the corresponding rate constants were determined. Thus, the importance of these processes could be established by comparing the rate constants of propagation. In this way, polymerizations of cyclic esters were used to illustrate the meaning and scope of the definition of "living polymerization", a process from which irreversible transfer and deactivation are absent and in which living polymers are formed, i.e. composed of macromolecules that do not irreversibly loose their ability to grow.