Pear pomace powder added quinoa-based gluten-free cake formulations: effect on pasting properties, rheology, and product quality

Pear pomace powder (PPP), xanthan gum (XG), and their combined effect on batter rheology, pasting properties, and the quality parameters of quinoa-based gluten-free cupcakes (GFC) were investigated. The water-retention capacities of flour blends, the batters ' rheological properties, and the flour blend s ' pasting properties were analyzed and the quality characteristics of the GFCs were determined. The addition of XG to the formulation led to an increase in peak viscosity , final viscosity , and breakdown viscosity while PPP content caused a decrease. Opposite effects that XG and PPP have on pasting properties help to form a more stable structure. PPP and XG demonstrated escalating impacts on the flour blends ' water-retention capacities, density , and batter viscosity . All batters displayed pseudoplastic behavior, whereas Power-law model was found to be the most suitable model describing the batter' s rheological characteristics. Increasing PPP and/or XG amounts led to larger elastic and viscous modulus. The PPP addition decreased the cake volumes and increased the crumb hardness. However, the XG addition to the blends caused the sample volume to increase and the hardness to decrease. The porosity of the samples decreased as the amount of PPP increased in the formulation. However, in the presence of XG, PPP demonstrated increased porosity .