Extended finite element method in computational fracture mechanics: a retrospective examination

In this paper, we provide a retrospective examination of the developments and applications of the extended finite element method (X-FEM) in computational fracture mechanics. Our main attention is placed on the modeling of cracks (strong discontinuities) for quasistatic crack growth simulations in isotropic linear elastic continua. We provide a historical perspective on the development of the method, and highlight the most important advances and best practices as they relate to the formulation and numerical implementation of the X-FEM for fracture problems. Existing challenges in the modeling and simulation of dynamic fracture, damage phenomena, and capturing the transition from continuum-to-discontinuum are also discussed.