A herd-level study on colostrum management factors associated with the prevalence of adequate transfer of passive immunity in Quebec dairy herds

The objective of this study was to identify herd-level colostrum management factors associated with the adequate transfer of passive immunity (TPI; defined as serum Brix refractance >= 8.4% in the first week of life). A total of 59 commercial Holstein dairy farms were included in this observational cross-sectional study. In every participating herd, a minimum of 14 Holstein calves were sampled to measure their TPI using a digital Brix refractometer. Colostrum samples fed to each of these calves were collected to estimate IgG concentration (colostrum quality) using a digital Brix refractometer and bacterial contamination using the Petrifilm (3M, St. Paul, MN) culture system. Dairy producers completed a questionnaire on colostrum management to assess onfarm practices. The study outcome was the prevalence of adequate TPI calculated based on the proportion of adequate TPI (defined with an individual threshold >= 8.4% Brix) on the total samples tested within each herd. According to the threshold determined in a previous study investigating the influencing colostrum management factors to achieve adequate TPI at the calf level, the prevalence of an adequate colostrum volume fed at first meal (>= 2.5 L), the prevalence of adequate colostrum quality (>= 24.5% Brix), the prevalence of an adequate time to first feeding (delay between birth and the first colostrum meal, <= 3 h), the prevalence of low aerobic bacterial contamination (<= 20,000 cfu/mL), the prevalence of low coliform contamination (<= 1,000 cfu/ mL), and the prevalence of females were calculated. The herd-level prevalence of adequate TPI ranged from 24% to 100%, with a median of 68%. The median herd prevalences of an adequate colostrum volume fed at first meal, of adequate colostrum quality, of an adequate time to first feeding, of low aerobic bacterial contamination, of low coliform contamination, and of females, were 71, 42, 41, 64, 88, and 61%, respectively. In the final model, the prevalence of adequate TPI was associated with the prevalence of an adequate colostrum volume fed at first meal and the prevalence of an adequate time to first feeding. In summary, management practices varied greatly between farms and influenced the prevalence of adequate TPI.