Temperature effect on strength of ice under triaxial compression

A temperature model has been developed that describes the ice strength in a multiaxial stress state over a wide spectrum of negative temperatures, The model takes into account the anomalous behavior of ice under high hydrostatic pressure, when its strength reaches a maximum, and then gradually decreases with the pressure increase It has been shown that strength of ice under high hydrostatic pressure is described by an extended Drucker-Prager (parabolic) strength crite rion with only three fundamental parameters, ice cohesion, internal friction angle, and ice melting pressure, which all have a definite physical meaning and are functions of temperature, The model has been verified using test data on the strength of iceberg ice and laboratory-made polycrystalline freshwater ice under triaxial compression at strain rates between 10(-3) and 10(-5) s(-1) over the temperature range between -1 degrees C and -40 degrees C.