An improved model to estimate annual sand transport rate by sand-driving winds

Some of the surface on Earth, Mars, Venus, and Titan is covered by ripples, dunes, and other features formed by sand-driving winds. Many developing countries in arid and semiarid areas are caught in a dilemma between the threat of sandy desertification and the development of wind energy. The estimation for the probability of sand-driving winds has been rarely studied. The ability of two-parameter Weibull probability distribution to estimate sand-driving winds is questioned. Sand transport rate is used only for the evaluation of short-term aeolian activities. Drift potential (DP) is an accessible way of evaluating potential sand transport volume by sand-driving winds. However, the relationship among annual sand transport volume, DP and wind energy has been rarely studied. Sand-driving winds can be divided into gentle winds and strong winds, but it is hard to distinguish them and to quantify their effects on aeolian geomorphology. A function was constructed from expressions of sand transport rate and the two-parameter Weibull probability distribution to improve the estimation of sand-driving winds. On this basis, annual sand transport volume was accurately evaluated by sand-driving winds. This is applicable to arid and semiarid areas worldwide. The relationship among annual sand transport volume, DP and wind energy was analyzed from the perspective of dimensional analysis. Gentle winds and strong winds are distinguished by transport wind velocity at which aeolian activities on a sandy underlying surface reach the erosion-deposition balance, and which corresponds to annual maximum sand transport rate. On a sandy underlying surface strong winds control deposition, while gentle winds dominate wind erosion. The transport wind velocity is nearly constant, weakly related to the probability distribution of sand-driving winds. These results provide a basis for an improved understanding of aeolian activities as an important planetary surface process, sand control engineering, and wind energy development.