Improvisation: Our controversial discussions

Introduction: Improvisation is a fundamental aspect of a music therapist's work, yet apart from case study reports, until recently received little attention. This article explores historical contexts for improvisation in music therapy, and ways we might begin to think about and define this complex topic. Methods: Debates about what music therapy is include where and how it should be practised. These discussions can present a split, either-or stance. The article views this through the lens of improvisation, and particularly via the neglected area of free improvisation. Taking a layered theoretical approach with consideration of applied theory alongside meta-theory, a new area of literature opens up. This offers a clearer perspective, revealing how misunderstandings have blurred or obscured the subtleties and complexities of improvisation. Results: Our definition of improvisation is both fluid and context-dependent. We frequently conflate different levels of meta-theory, theory and technique. Combined with misunderstandings of views of psychoanalytic literature, this has enabled a series of splits in our improvisational stance to occur. A new area for discussion is suggested. Discussion: The article aims to stimulate new landscapes, where discussion may take place in a way that enables a more thorough understanding of this complex topic, something possible via an inclusive rather than an exclusive view.