Powering Sustainable Mobility: Roadmaps of Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Some of the technologies that offer the best alternatives to the recent internal combustion engines are presented. An Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) combines a conventional propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. It is significantly longer driving range than that of a battery electric vehicle. It shows improved fuel economy compared with conventional ICE vehicles. Fuel cell vehicles (FCV), which use fuel cells to generate electricity from hydrogen and air to propel the vehicle, are also potential clean vehicles. The electricity is either used to drive the vehicle or stored in an energy storage device, such as battery pack or supercapacitors. The FCVs only emit water vapors and have the potential to achieve high system efficiency. The major issue related to FCVs are the high production cost and the short life cycle of fuel cells.