Understanding Bison Carrying Capacity Estimation in Northern Great Plains Using Remote Sensing and GIS

As an iconic species linked to First Nations culture and economy in western North America, wild plains bison (Bison bison bison) currently rely on intensive management to persist. Yet, their presence maintains grassland ecological function, protects biodiversity and preserves important cultural heritage. Estimating carrying capacity is a key to achieve wildlife conservation without risking overall ecosystem health. Plains bison carrying capacity should be estimated to provide guideline for developing subsequent management plans. We reckoned that drivers of plains bison carrying capacity are forage availability and animal requirement, meanwhile its adjusting factors comprise spatio-temporal distribution and sustainable consideration. An integration of remote sensing and GIS can help to investigate variables of carrying capacity. Also Habitat Suitability Model built in Geographic Information System (GIS) is able to compile variables influencing carrying capacity. The review found multiple challenges of carrying capacity estimation in terms of implementing and practicing not only from remote sensing and GIS perspective. We expect that the advancement of remote sensors in accordance with modern GIS technology can provide timely effective carrying capacity estimation to achieve conservation goals of animal species as well as maintain sustainable ecosystems.