The subliminal mere exposure effect (SMEE) is the phenomenon wherein people tend to prefer patterns they have repeatedly observed without consciously identifying them. One popular explanation for the SMEE is that perceptual fluency within exposed patterns is misattributed to a feeling of preference for those patterns. Assuming that perceptual fluency is negatively correlated with the amount of mental effort needed to analyze perceptual aspects of incoming stimuli, pupil diameter should associate with SMEE strength since the former is known to reflect mental effort. To examine this hypothesis, we measured participants' pupil diameter during exposure to subthreshold stimuli. Following exposure, a preference test was administered. Average pupil diameter throughout exposure was smaller when the SMEE was induced than when the SMEE was not induced. This supports the hypothesis that increasing perceptual fluency during mere exposure modulates autonomic nervous responses, such as pupil diameter, and eventually leads to preference.
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Chuo Univ, Fac Letters, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
Meijigakuin Univ, Fac Psychol, Tokyo, JapanChuo Univ, Fac Letters, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
Yarimizu, Hidekazu
Nakamura, Koyo
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Waseda Univ, Fac Sci & Engn, Tokyo, Japan
Japan Soc Promot Sci, Tokyo, Japan
Keio Adv Res Ctr, Tokyo, JapanChuo Univ, Fac Letters, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
Nakamura, Koyo
Watanabe, Katsumi
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Waseda Univ, Fac Sci & Engn, Tokyo, Japan
Univ New South Wales, Art & Design, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaChuo Univ, Fac Letters, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
Watanabe, Katsumi
Yamaguchi, Masami Kanazawa
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Chuo Univ, Fac Letters, Hachioji, Tokyo, JapanChuo Univ, Fac Letters, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan