Subchronic apocynin treatment attenuates methamphetamine-induced dopamine release and hyperactivity in rats

Aims: The effects of methamphetamine are linked to stimulation of dopaminergic neurons, which can be accompanied by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Apocynin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase (NOX) inhibitor shown to mitigate oxidative stress in a number of models. The present study aimed at testing whether apocynin suppresses the dopamine-releasing and locomotor-activating properties of methamphetamine. Main methods: (1) Apocynin (0.01-100 mu M) was applied to rat striatal slices preloaded with [H-3]dopamine and its efficacy to evoke [H-3]overflow and to alter methamphetamine (3 mu M)-evoked [H-3]overflow was measured. (2) Groups of rats received apocynin (15 or 50 mg/kg/day) or vehicle injection for seven consecutive days, and the efficacy and potency of methamphetamine to evoke [H-3]overflow were determined. (3) Groups of apocynin-treated rats were administered methamphetamine (0.5 or 1 mg/kg) or saline to determine the effect of apocynin on stimulant-induced hyperactivity. Key findings: (1) Apocynin applied to striatal slices did not evoke [H-3]overflow or alter methamphetamine-evoked [H-3]overflow. (2) However, subchronic apocynin treatment significantly and dose-dependently decreased methamphetamine's potency and efficacy to evoke [H-3]overflow. (3) Subchronic apocynin treatment also decreased the locomotor activity evoked by methamphetamine. Significance: Subchronic apocynin treatment diminished methamphetamine induced dopamine-release and its locomotor-activating properties. The pattern of results indicates that apocynin is more effective after repeated, rather than after acute, treatment. The findings also suggest that NOX inhibitors or agents suppressing oxidative stress may constitute a new area for research to understand how methamphetamine produces its deleterious and neurotoxic outcomes in the brain. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.