Sex and race or ethnicity disparities in opioid prescriptions for dental diagnoses among patients receiving Medicaid

Background. The objective of this study was to identify specific factors (sex, race or ethnicity, and health care provider type) associated with patient receipt of an opioid prescription after a dental diagnosis. Methods. The authors used Medicaid claims dated from January 1, 2013, through September 30, 2015, for 13 US states in this study. The authors identified oral health-related conditions by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes 520.0 through 529.9. Results. During the 2013-2015 study period, among the more than 890,000 Medicaid patients with a dental diagnosis, 23% received an opioid within 14 days of diagnosis. Female patients were 50% more likely to receive an opioid for pain management of a dental condition than were men (odds ratio [OR], 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52 to 1.55). Non-Hispanic whites and African Americans were approximately twice as likely to receive opioids than were Hispanics (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 2.05 to 2.17 and OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.83 to 1.93, respectively). Patients receiving oral health care in an emergency department were nearly 5 times more likely to receive an opioid prescription than were patients treated in a dental office (OR, 4.66; 95% CI, 4.59 to 4.74). Patients with a dental condition diagnosed were nearly 3 times as likely to receive an opioid from a nurse practitioner as from a dentist (OR, 2.64; 95% CI, 2.57 to 2.70). Opioid use was substantially higher among African American female patients (OR, 3.29; 95% CI, 3.18 to 3.40) and non-Hispanic white female patients (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 3.14 to 3.35) than among Hispanic female patients. Conclusions. Opioid prescribing patterns differ depending on patient race or ethnicity, sex, and health care provider source in patients with a dental diagnosis in the United States.