Risk of fracture in women with type 2 diabetes: The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study

Context: Some but not all studies have shown higher rates of fracture in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes and determine whether risk varies by fracture site, ethnicity, and baseline bone density. Design, Setting, and Participants: Women with clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes at baseline in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Cohort, a prospective study of postmenopausal women (n = 93,676), were compared with women without diagnosed diabetes and risk of fracture overall and at specific sites determined. Main Outcome Measures: All fractures and specific sites separately (hip/pelvis/upper leg; lower leg/ankle/knee; foot; upper arm/shoulder/elbow; lower arm/wrist/hand; spine/tailbone) were measured. Bone mineral density (BMD) in a subset also was measured. Results: The overall risk of fracture after 7 yr of follow-up was higher in women with diabetes at baseline after controlling for multiple risk factors including frequency of falls [ adjusted relative risk (RR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11 - 1.30]. In a subsample of women with baseline BMD scores, women with diabetes had greater hip and spine BMD. The elevated fracture risk was found at multiple sites (hip/pelvis/upper leg; foot; spine/tailbone) among black women (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.00 - 1.75) and women with increased baseline bone density (RR 1.26, 95% CI 0.96 - 1.66). Conclusion: Women with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk for fractures. This risk is also seen among black and non-Hispanic white women after adjustment for multiple risk factors including frequent falls and increasedBMD(in a subset).