An assessment of non-consumptive recreation effects on wildlife: current and future research, management implications, and next steps

Most research on the effects of non-consumptive recreation on wildlife to date has focused on birds and mammals This research typically focuses on behavioral responses of individuals despite practical limitations in extrapolating ecological outcomes from individual behavior. Data gaps therefore present difficulties in integrating wildlife-protective policies into public access management. These gaps are exacerbated by a lack of wildlife studies that include data on public use patterns of open space areas. In a survey of park and open space managers in the San Francisco Bay Area, few of the entities surveyed restricted recreational access permanently or seasonally to address biological constraints; yet most indicated the presence of sensitive plant or animal species on their lands or stated conservation as one of their organization's purposes. To better bridge the gap between research and management practice, more research is needed on species beyond birds and mammals This research should extend beyond noting behavioral response and should integrate investigation of outdoor recreation use patterns.