Hypolimnetic alkalinity generation in two dilute, oligotrophic lakes in Ontario, Canada

It has been observed that the alkalinity concentrations in the hypolimnia of many thermally stratified lakes increase over the duration of the summer. We have quantified the processes, both redox and exchange, that contributed to the alkalinity increases measured in two lakes that are situated on the Precambrian Shield of Ontario, Canada by measuring hypolimnetic mass balances for all substances involved in alkalinity-generating or -consuming reactions. These include nitrate, ammonium base cations, iron, manganese, sulphate, organic anions, as well as alkalinity itself. In one lake, iron reduction was the dominant source of alkalinity, since this process is probably reversed at fall overturn when hypolimnetic waters mix with oxygenated surface waters, the alkalinity generated by this mechanism is likely temporary in nature. In the second lake, iron reduction and sulphate reduction were both important; the latter should provide more permanent alkalinity.