Electrochemical sensor for liquid alloys using solid electrolyte

The techniques for electrochemical sensors with solid electrolytes for process control are reviewed. Cell construction, principle of emf measurements, application of oxygen sensors for liquid nickel, silicon and iron at normal and/or low oxygen potentials are explained. Si-sensor in liquid iron by use of tri-phasic zirconia based solid electrolyte, S-sensor in liquid iron with Labeta-alumina+(La2O2S+La2O3) solid electrolyte, Cu-sensor in Cu-Sn alloys and Cu-matte with Cusicon solid electrolyte, and Al-sensor in Zn bath are explained.