Inter- versus Intracity Variations in the Performance and Calibration of Low-Cost PM2.5 Sensors: A Multicity Assessment in India

Low-cost sensors (LCSs) have revolutionized the air pollution monitoring landscape. However, the sensitivities of particulate matter (PM) LCS measurements to various particle microphysical properties and meteorological aspects warrant an accuracy investigation. We investigated the inter-and intracity variations in the accuracy of LCS-measured PM2.5 across geographically and demographically distinct Indian cities. The collocation data of PM2.5 (collected during March-April 2022) from an LCS (Atmos) and a reference-grade instrument (beta attenuation monitor) from nine sites (across five cities) were analyzed. The root-mean -square error (RMSE) in the hourly mean raw (uncorrected) Atmos PM2.5 measurements varied significantly across the cities. The Atmos PM2.5 overestimated the reference-grade PM2.5 values in cities located in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (Chandigarh and New Delhi) but considerably underestimated the values in the city located in western India (Mumbai). In south Indian cities (Bengaluru and Chennai), the Atmos PM2.5 measurements were relatively close to the reference-grade PM2.5 measurements. Among various statistical calibration models trained to correct the Atmos PM2.5 measurements for most locations, a generalized additive model performed better than other models. The performance of the calibration models was investigated using the holdout cross-validation method. The correction models improved the accuracy of the Atmos PM2.5 measurements by up to 70%. The bias range of the intracity (Mumbai) raw Atmos PM2.5 measurements was approximately comparable to the intercity bias range. Across the study locations, the generalized additive model performed the best in correcting the raw LCS PM2.5 measurements. We also demonstrated that the application of the location-specific calibration model to correct Atmos PM2.5 measurements improved the accuracy of the LCS PM2.5 measurements compared with the application of a single-location calibration model for city-wide data.