The social fact in Durkheim's late work: Structural hermeneutics, positive sociology, and causality

emile Durkheim's late work focuses on representations collectives, social facts that embody sui generis social forces and that direct behaviour in meaningful ways. The focus on representations collectives raises questions, but also opens doors for Durkheimian sociology. Many would contend that Durkheim's focus on representations collectives introduces a hermeneutical and ideational element that is at odds with his positivist approach. His study of representations collectives also point to a potentially broad application of his method to the study of culture as a causally autonomous factor in social life. This article will discuss the social fact in Durkheim's late work in light of these issues. It will argue that representations collectives are social facts, 'things' in Durkheim's terminology, that are rooted in ritual. They have an objective existence and are causally efficacious, which makes them the object of positive sociology; there is thus no tension between 'early' and 'late' Durkheim on this point. It will also argue that due to the causally autonomous and inherently meaningful nature of representations collectives, Durkheim's approach adds to the Strong Program's research agenda, albeit with more of a focus on ritual and emotional energy. In so doing the article seeks to build a bridge between the Strong Program and the interaction ritual approach developed by Randall Collins.