Equilibrium phase diagrams of aqueous mixtures of malonic acid and sulfate/ammonium salts

Tropospheric aerosols are usually complex mixtures of inorganic and organic components. Although the thermodynamic properties of inorganic aerosols have been widely studied, the effect of organics on such properties is still under discussion. In this study, solubility in water, water activity (a(w)) of aqueous solutions, deliquescence relative humidity (DRH), eutonic composition, and eutonic DRH were determined for bulk mixtures of malonic acid (MA) with ammonium sulfate (AS) and ammonium bisulfate (ABS) at 25 degrees C over the full range of composition (from 0 wt % to the solubility limit of the mixture components). The data were used to construct equilibrium phase diagrams, which show the phase of the mixtures as a function of total composition, dry mixture composition, water content, and ambient relative humidity (RH). This work complements previous reports on the thermodynamic properties of AS/MA mixtures because the range of concentrations investigated is larger than in any other published single study. On the other hand, this is the first report on the aw, deliquescence, and water absorption of ABS/MA mixtures. The eutonic composition for AS/MA mixtures was found to be 66.8 MA dry wt % (MA dry wt %) MA mass x 100/(AS mass + MA mass) with a DRH of 0.437. The eutonic composition for the ABS/MA mixtures was lower than for the AS/MA mixtures: 20.9 MA dry wt % with a DRH of 0.327. Measured aw of liquid AS/MA and ABS/MA solutions is compared with an extended Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson expression, obtaining a good agreement (error < 5-6%). The expression was used to predict water uptake of mixtures and might be useful to interpret particle hygroscopic growth experiments. Comparison of the AS/MA and ABS/MA systems indicates that ABS reduces the DRH and enhances water uptake, relative to mixtures with AS. The results confirm that ambient particles containing sulfate and water-soluble organic compounds can remain liquid or partially liquid at very low ambient RH conditions, especially if the sulfate is not completely neutralized.