Waking the sleeping giants: Commercializing state R&D in the United States and Russia

Survey data from 100 military R&D organizations in the Moscow area are used to compare the efficacy for Russia of the main organizational tools used by U.S. federal labs to encourage the transfer of military research to civilian product development. Structural isolation of the military in both systems has led to a critical gap between commercializing defense technologists and the new markets they hope to enter. This research Ends that, in Russia as in the United States, reliance on inter-organizational ties and the creation of spin-offs are associated with more active methods of pursuing technology transfer. (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Inc.