Bubble emission frequency and weeping rate at a submerged orifice with bulk liquid flow

Bubble emission frequency and weeping rate has been quantitatively compared in the case of induced and forced liquid flow. A stabilizing baffle was designed to eliminate induced liquid circulation and surface waves due to continuous gas emission. The effects of presence or absence of stabilizing baffle on bubble frequency and weeping rate were shown. Forced liquid cross-flow was produced and the effect on reducing weeping rate was presented. The results show that liquid weeping is significantly reduced in unbaffled, swirling flow and also with liquid cross-flow. This is due to a combination of an increase in bubble frequency and a decrease in driving force for liquid weeping. The practical implications of our findings are discussed.