Seasonal variations in heat and carbon dioxide fluxes observed over a reed wetland in northeast China

Seasonal variations in sensible heat flux (H-s), latent heat flux (LE), and CO2 flux (F-c) during 2006 over a reed wetland ecosystem in Northeast China, as well as their relationships with environmental factors, were investigated based on micrometeorological observations and turbulence data, measured using the eddy covariance technique. The results showed that the LE values were significantly larger (>400 W m(-2)) in summer (June, July, and August) than those in other seasons because of the summertime abundant precipitation and strong evapotranspiration, whereas the H-s values were smaller (<100 W m(-2)) in summer but larger in spring (>300 W m(-2)) and autumn (>200 W m(-2)). The cumulative evapotranspiration in 2006 was 577.1 mm that was mostly controlled by radiation at surface throughout the whole year but also limited by water supply during the non-growing season. Most of the F-c values ranged between -1.0 mg m(-2) s(-1) (sometimes close to -2.0 mg m(-2) s(-1)) during daytime and 0.3 mg m(-2) s(-1) at night during the growing season (May to September) but varied around zero in the non-growing season, and the CO2 mass concentration was in the range of 600-800 mg m(-3). Monthly cumulative CO2 flux for the growing season was negatively largest in July (-520 mg m(-2) month(-1)) and smallest in May (-65 mg m(-2) month(-1)), making this reed wetland a net CO2 sink in 2006. The daytime CO2 flux in the growing season was positively correlated with atmospheric stability vertical bar z/L vertical bar under unstable condition, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and wind speed, but depended less on air temperature, relative humidity and soil water content on a several-day time scale. However, over a longer time scale, a comparison of March-April conditions during 2005 and 2006 suggested that cooler conditions can result in reduced CO2 production before the growing season. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.